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A docComment
parses a "documentation comment" like /-- foo -/
. This is not treated like
a regular comment (that is, as whitespace); it is parsed and forms part of the syntax tree structure.
A docComment
node contains a /--
atom and then the remainder of the comment, foo -/
in this
example. Use TSyntax.getDocString
to extract the body text from a doc string syntax node.
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- Lean.Parser.tacticParser rbp = Lean.Parser.categoryParser `tactic rbp
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sepByIndentSemicolon(p)
parses a sequence of p
optionally followed by ;
,
similar to manyIndent(p ";"?)
, except that if two occurrences of p
occur on the same line,
the ;
is mandatory. This is used by tactic parsing, so that
example := by
skip
skip
is legal, but by skip skip
is not - it must be written as by skip; skip
.
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sepBy1IndentSemicolon(p)
parses a (nonempty) sequence of p
optionally followed by ;
,
similar to many1Indent(p ";"?)
, except that if two occurrences of p
occur on the same line,
the ;
is mandatory. This is used by tactic parsing, so that
example := by
skip
skip
is legal, but by skip skip
is not - it must be written as by skip; skip
.
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The syntax { tacs }
is an alternative syntax for · tacs
.
It runs the tactics in sequence, and fails if the goal is not solved.
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A sequence of tactics in brackets, or a delimiter-free indented sequence of tactics. Delimiter-free indentation is determined by the first tactic of the sequence.
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Same as [tacticSeq
] but requires delimiter-free tactic sequence to have strict indentation.
The strict indentation requirement only apply to nested by
s, as top-level by
s do not have a
position set.
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- Lean.Parser.Tactic.seq1 = Lean.Parser.node `Lean.Parser.Tactic.seq1 (Lean.Parser.sepBy1 Lean.Parser.tacticParser ";\n" (Lean.Parser.symbol ";\n") true)
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- Lean.Parser.semicolonOrLinebreak = HOrElse.hOrElse (Lean.Parser.symbol ";") fun (x : Unit) => HAndThen.hAndThen Lean.Parser.checkLinebreakBefore fun (x : Unit) => Lean.Parser.pushNone
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Built-in parsers #
by tac
constructs a term of the expected type by running the tactic(s) tac
.
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- Lean.Parser.Term.optSemicolon p = Lean.Parser.ppDedent (HAndThen.hAndThen Lean.Parser.semicolonOrLinebreak fun (x : Unit) => HAndThen.hAndThen Lean.Parser.ppLine fun (x : Unit) => p)
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A type universe. Type ≡ Type 0
, Type u ≡ Sort (u + 1)
.
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A specific universe in Lean's infinite hierarchy of universes.
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The universe of propositions. Prop ≡ Sort 0
.
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A placeholder term, to be synthesized by unification.
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Parses a "synthetic hole", that is, ?foo
or ?_
.
This syntax is used to construct named metavariables.
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The ⋯
term denotes a term that was omitted by the pretty printer.
The presence of ⋯
in pretty printer output is controlled by the pp.deepTerms
and pp.proofs
options,
and these options can be further adjusted using pp.deepTerms.threshold
and pp.proofs.threshold
.
It is only meant to be used for pretty printing.
However, in case it is copied and pasted from the Infoview, ⋯
logs a warning and elaborates like _
.
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A temporary placeholder for a missing proof or value.
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A placeholder for an implicit lambda abstraction's variable. The lambda abstraction is scoped to the surrounding parentheses.
For example, (· + ·)
is equivalent to fun x y => x + y
.
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Type ascription notation: (0 : Int)
instructs Lean to process 0
as a value of type Int
.
An empty type ascription (e :)
elaborates e
without the expected type.
This is occasionally useful when Lean's heuristics for filling arguments from the expected type
do not yield the right result.
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Parentheses, used for grouping expressions (e.g., a * (b + c)
).
Can also be used for creating simple functions when combined with ·
. Here are some examples:
(· + 1)
is shorthand forfun x => x + 1
(· + ·)
is shorthand forfun x y => x + y
(f · a b)
is shorthand forfun x => f x a b
(h (· + 1) ·)
is shorthand forfun x => h (fun y => y + 1) x
- also applies to other parentheses-like notations such as
(·, 1)
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The anonymous constructor ⟨e, ...⟩
is equivalent to c e ...
if the
expected type is an inductive type with a single constructor c
.
If more terms are given than c
has parameters, the remaining arguments
are turned into a new anonymous constructor application. For example,
⟨a, b, c⟩ : α × (β × γ)
is equivalent to ⟨a, ⟨b, c⟩⟩
.
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A sufficesDecl
represents everything that comes after the suffices
keyword:
an optional x :
, then a term ty
, then from val
or by tac
.
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Structure instance. { x := e, ... }
assigns e
to field x
, which may be
inherited. If e
is itself a variable called x
, it can be elided:
fun y => { x := 1, y }
.
A structure update of an existing value can be given via with
:
{ point with x := 1 }
.
The structure type can be specified if not inferable:
{ x := 1, y := 2 : Point }
.
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@x
disables automatic insertion of implicit parameters of the constant x
.
@e
for any term e
also disables the insertion of implicit lambdas at this position.
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.(e)
marks an "inaccessible pattern", which does not influence evaluation of the pattern match, but may be necessary for type-checking.
In contrast to regular patterns, e
may be an arbitrary term of the appropriate type.
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Explicit binder, like (x y : A)
or (x y)
.
Default values can be specified using (x : A := v)
syntax, and tactics using (x : A := by tac)
.
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Implicit binder, like {x y : A}
or {x y}
.
In regular applications, whenever all parameters before it have been specified,
then a _
placeholder is automatically inserted for this parameter.
Implicit parameters should be able to be determined from the other arguments and the return type
by unification.
In @
explicit mode, implicit binders behave like explicit binders.
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Strict-implicit binder, like ⦃x y : A⦄
or ⦃x y⦄
.
In contrast to { ... }
implicit binders, strict-implicit binders do not automatically insert
a _
placeholder until at least one subsequent explicit parameter is specified.
Do not use strict-implicit binders unless there is a subsequent explicit parameter.
Assuming this rule is followed, for fully applied expressions implicit and strict-implicit binders have the same behavior.
Example: If h : ∀ ⦃x : A⦄, x ∈ s → p x
and hs : y ∈ s
,
then h
by itself elaborates to itself without inserting _
for the x : A
parameter,
and h hs
has type p y
.
In contrast, if h' : ∀ {x : A}, x ∈ s → p x
, then h
by itself elaborates to have type ?m ∈ s → p ?m
with ?m
a fresh metavariable.
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Instance-implicit binder, like [C]
or [inst : C]
.
In regular applications without @
explicit mode, it is automatically inserted
and solved for by typeclass inference for the specified class C
.
In @
explicit mode, if _
is used for an instance-implicit parameter, then it is still solved for by typeclass inference;
use (_)
to inhibit this and have it be solved for by unification instead, like an implicit argument.
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A bracketedBinder
matches any kind of binder group that uses some kind of brackets:
- An explicit binder like
(x y : A)
- An implicit binder like
{x y : A}
- A strict implicit binder,
⦃y z : A⦄
or its ASCII alternative{{y z : A}}
- An instance binder
[A]
or[x : A]
(multiple variables are not allowed here)
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Useful for syntax quotations. Note that generic patterns such as `(matchAltExpr| | ... => $rhs)
should also
work with other rhsParser
s (of arity 1).
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- Lean.Parser.Term.matchAltExpr = Lean.Parser.Term.matchAlt
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- Lean.Parser.Term.instCoeTSyntaxConsSyntaxNodeKindMkStr4Nil_lean = { coe := fun (stx : Lean.TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.matchAltExpr) => { raw := stx.raw } }
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matchDiscr
matches a "match discriminant", either h : tm
or tm
, used in match
as
match h1 : e1, e2, h3 : e3 with ...
.
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Pattern matching. match e, ... with | p, ... => f | ...
matches each given
term e
against each pattern p
of a match alternative. When all patterns
of an alternative match, the match
term evaluates to the value of the
corresponding right-hand side f
with the pattern variables bound to the
respective matched values.
If used as match h : e, ... with | p, ... => f | ...
, h : e = p
is available
within f
.
When not constructing a proof, match
does not automatically substitute variables
matched on in dependent variables' types. Use match (generalizing := true) ...
to
enforce this.
Syntax quotations can also be used in a pattern match.
This matches a Syntax
value against quotations, pattern variables, or _
.
Quoted identifiers only match identical identifiers - custom matching such as by the preresolved names only should be done explicitly.
Syntax.atom
s are ignored during matching by default except when part of a built-in literal.
For users introducing new atoms, we recommend wrapping them in dedicated syntax kinds if they
should participate in matching.
For example, in
syntax "c" ("foo" <|> "bar") ...
foo
and bar
are indistinguishable during matching, but in
syntax foo := "foo"
syntax "c" (foo <|> "bar") ...
they are not.
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Empty match/ex falso. nomatch e
is of arbitrary type α : Sort u
if
Lean can show that an empty set of patterns is exhaustive given e
's type,
e.g. because it has no constructors.
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Indicates that an argument to a function marked @[extern]
is borrowed.
Being borrowed only affects the ABI and runtime behavior of the function when compiled or interpreted. From the perspective of Lean's type system, this annotation has no effect. It similarly has no effect on functions not marked @[extern]
.
When a function argument is borrowed, the function does not consume the value. This means that the function will not decrement the value's reference count or deallocate it, and the caller is responsible for doing so.
Please see https://lean-lang.org/lean4/doc/dev/ffi.html#borrowing for a complete description.
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A literal of type Name
.
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A resolved name literal. Evaluates to the full name of the given constant if existent in the current context, or else fails.
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letDecl
matches the body of a let declaration let f x1 x2 := e
,
let pat := e
(where pat
is an arbitrary term) or let f | pat1 => e1 | pat2 => e2 ...
(a pattern matching declaration), except for the let
keyword itself.
let rec
declarations are not handled here.
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let
is used to declare a local definition. Example:
let x := 1
let y := x + 1
x + y
Since functions are first class citizens in Lean, you can use let
to declare
local functions too.
let double := fun x => 2*x
double (double 3)
For recursive definitions, you should use let rec
.
You can also perform pattern matching using let
. For example,
assume p
has type Nat × Nat
, then you can write
let (x, y) := p
x + y
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let_delayed x := v; b
is similar to let x := v; b
, but b
is elaborated before v
.
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let
-declaration that is only included in the elaborated term if variable is still there.
It is often used when building macros.
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haveDecl
matches the body of a have declaration: have := e
, have f x1 x2 := e
,
have pat := e
(where pat
is an arbitrary term) or have f | pat1 => e1 | pat2 => e2 ...
(a pattern matching declaration), except for the have
keyword itself.
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attrKind
matches ("scoped" <|> "local")?
, used before an attribute like @[local simp]
.
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Specify a termination argument for recursive functions.
termination_by a - b
indicates that termination of the currently defined recursive function follows
because the difference between the arguments a
and b
decreases.
If the function takes further argument after the colon, you can name them as follows:
def example (a : Nat) : Nat → Nat → Nat :=
termination_by b c => a - b
By default, a termination_by
clause will cause the function to be constructed using well-founded
recursion. The syntax termination_by structural a
(or termination_by structural _ c => c
)
indicates the function is expected to be structural recursive on the argument. In this case
the body of the termination_by
clause must be one of the function's parameters.
If omitted, a termination argument will be inferred. If written as termination_by?
,
the inferrred termination argument will be suggested.
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Specify a termination argument for recursive functions.
termination_by a - b
indicates that termination of the currently defined recursive function follows
because the difference between the arguments a
and b
decreases.
If the function takes further argument after the colon, you can name them as follows:
def example (a : Nat) : Nat → Nat → Nat :=
termination_by b c => a - b
By default, a termination_by
clause will cause the function to be constructed using well-founded
recursion. The syntax termination_by structural a
(or termination_by structural _ c => c
)
indicates the function is expected to be structural recursive on the argument. In this case
the body of the termination_by
clause must be one of the function's parameters.
If omitted, a termination argument will be inferred. If written as termination_by?
,
the inferrred termination argument will be suggested.
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Manually prove that the termination argument (as specified with termination_by
or inferred)
decreases at each recursive call.
By default, the tactic decreasing_tactic
is used.
Forces the use of well-founded recursion and is hence incompatible with
termination_by structural
.
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Termination hints are termination_by
and decreasing_by
, in that order.
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letRecDecl
matches the body of a let-rec declaration: a doc comment, attributes, and then
a let declaration without the let
keyword, such as /-- foo -/ @[simp] bar := 1
.
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letRecDecls
matches letRecDecl,+
, a comma-separated list of let-rec declarations (see letRecDecl
).
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unsafe t : α
is an expression constructor which allows using unsafe declarations inside the
body of t : α
, by creating an auxiliary definition containing t
and using implementedBy
to
wrap it in a safe interface. It is required that α
is nonempty for this to be sound,
but even beyond that, an unsafe
block should be carefully inspected for memory safety because
the compiler is unable to guarantee the safety of the operation.
For example, the evalExpr
function is unsafe, because the compiler cannot guarantee that when
you call evalExpr Foo ``Foo e
that the type Foo
corresponds to the name Foo
, but in a
particular use case, we can ensure this, so unsafe (evalExpr Foo ``Foo e)
is a correct usage.
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binrel% r a b
elaborates r a b
as a binary relation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra
.
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binrel_no_prop% r a b
is similar to binrel% r a b
, but it coerces Prop
arguments into Bool
.
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binop% f a b
elaborates f a b
as a binary operation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra
.
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binop_lazy%
is similar to binop% f a b
, but it wraps b
as a function from Unit
.
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leftact% f a b
elaborates f a b
as a left action using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra
.
In particular, it is like a unary operation with a fixed parameter a
, where only the right argument b
participates in the operator coercion elaborator.
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rightact% f a b
elaborates f a b
as a right action using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra
.
In particular, it is like a unary operation with a fixed parameter b
, where only the left argument a
participates in the operator coercion elaborator.
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unop% f a
elaborates f a
as a unary operation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra
.
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A macro which evaluates to the name of the currently elaborating declaration.
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clear% x; e
elaborates x
after clearing the free variable x
from the local context.
If x
cannot be cleared (due to dependencies), it will keep x
without failing.
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Helper parser for marking match
-alternatives that should not trigger errors if unused.
We use them to implement macro_rules
and elab_rules
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The extended field notation e.f
is roughly short for T.f e
where T
is the type of e
.
More precisely,
- if
e
is of a function type,e.f
is translated toFunction.f (p := e)
wherep
is the first explicit parameter of function type - if
e
is of a named typeT ...
and there is a declarationT.f
(possibly fromexport
),e.f
is translated toT.f (p := e)
wherep
is the first explicit parameter of typeT ...
- otherwise, if
e
is of a structure type, the above is repeated for every base type of the structure.
The field index notation e.i
, where i
is a positive number,
is short for accessing the i
-th field (1-indexed) of e
if it is of a structure type.
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- Lean.Parser.Term.completion = Lean.Parser.trailingNode `Lean.Parser.Term.completion 1024 0 (HAndThen.hAndThen Lean.Parser.checkNoWsBefore fun (x : Unit) => Lean.Parser.symbol ".")
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Syntax kind for syntax nodes representing the field of a projection in the InfoTree
.
Specifically, the InfoTree
node for a projection s.f
contains a child InfoTree
node
with syntax (Syntax.node .none identProjKind #[`f])
.
This is necessary because projection syntax cannot always be detected purely syntactically
(s.f
may refer to either the identifier s.f
or a projection s.f
depending on
the available context).
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- Lean.Parser.Term.identProjKind = `Lean.Parser.Term.identProj
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- Lean.Parser.Term.isIdent stx = (stx.isAntiquot || stx.isIdent)
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x.{u, ...}
explicitly specifies the universes u, ...
of the constant x
.
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x@e
or x@h:e
matches the pattern e
and binds its value to the identifier x
.
If present, the identifier h
is bound to a proof of x = e
.
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e |>.x
is a shorthand for (e).x
.
It is especially useful for avoiding parentheses with repeated applications.
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- Lean.Parser.Term.pipeCompletion = Lean.Parser.trailingNode `Lean.Parser.Term.pipeCompletion Lean.Parser.minPrec 0 (Lean.Parser.symbol " |>.")
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h ▸ e
is a macro built on top of Eq.rec
and Eq.symm
definitions.
Given h : a = b
and e : p a
, the term h ▸ e
has type p b
.
You can also view h ▸ e
as a "type casting" operation
where you change the type of e
by using h
.
The macro tries both orientations of h
. If the context provides an
expected type, it rewrites the expected type, else it rewrites the type of e`.
See the Chapter "Quantifiers and Equality" in the manual "Theorem Proving in Lean" for additional information.
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- Lean.Parser.Term.bracketedBinderF = Lean.Parser.Term.bracketedBinder
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- Lean.Parser.Term.instCoeTSyntaxConsSyntaxNodeKindMkStr4Nil_lean_1 = { coe := fun (s : Lean.TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.bracketedBinderF) => { raw := s.raw } }
panic! msg
formally evaluates to @Inhabited.default α
if the expected type
α
implements Inhabited
.
At runtime, msg
and the file position are printed to stderr unless the C
function lean_set_panic_messages(false)
has been executed before. If the C
function lean_set_exit_on_panic(true)
has been executed before, the process is
then aborted.
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A shorthand for panic! "unreachable code has been reached"
.
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dbg_trace e; body
evaluates to body
and prints e
(which can be an
interpolated string literal) to stderr. It should only be used for debugging.
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Implementation of the show_term
term elaborator.
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match_expr
support.
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